CPR Techniques for Adults: A Step-by-Step Guide

When an adult experiences sudden cardiac arrest, immediate action is crucial. The first responder should begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) by performing 30 chest compressions. These compressions should be delivered rapidly and with sufficient force, reaching a depth of at least 2 inches (5 cm), and at a rate of 100 to 120 compressions per minute. It's important to clear any visible obstructions in the mouth or nose, including mucus or vomit, to ensure an open airway.

Opening the Airway and Delivering Rescue Breaths

Use the head-tilt, chin-lift technique to open the airway effectively. Afterward, provide two rescue breaths via mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Each breath should last more than one second and be strong enough to cause the chest to rise visibly. Maintaining a 30:2 ratio of compressions to breaths is essential for optimal blood circulation and oxygen delivery.

Assessing CPR Effectiveness

After completing five cycles of 30 compressions and two breaths, quickly assess the patient's response. Look for signs of life, such as movement, normal breathing, or a pulse. If there is no response, continue CPR without delay.

Continuing Care Until Emergency Services Arrive

If the person remains unresponsive, keep performing CPR until professional medical help arrives. Once emergency personnel arrive, they may determine if defibrillation is necessary. If so, an automated external defibrillator (AED) should be used immediately to restore a normal heart rhythm.

Advanced Life Support Measures

In addition to defibrillation, emergency responders will administer life-saving medications and begin advanced airway management. This often includes using a bag-valve mask for ventilation support. If needed, endotracheal intubation may be performed to secure the airway, after which ventilation should continue using either a manual resuscitator or mechanical ventilator. Deliver one breath every six seconds while ensuring that chest compressions are uninterrupted to maintain circulation.