CPR Procedures for Single Rescuer: A Step-by-Step Guide
Recognizing the Emergency and Initiating Response
When encountering a person who has suddenly collapsed, the first step is to check for responsiveness by gently tapping both shoulders and calling out to the individual. If there is no response, immediately call for help and alert other medical personnel to assist in the emergency. Time is critical in these situations, and prompt action can significantly increase the chances of survival.
Assessing Breathing and Pulse
Next, the rescuer should assess the patient's breathing and pulse. This involves feeling for a pulse at the carotid artery while observing whether the chest rises and falls. If no breathing or heartbeat is detected within 10 seconds, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) should begin immediately. It's important to note the exact time when CPR was initiated, as this information is crucial for medical documentation and decision-making.
Preparing the Patient for Chest Compressions
Positioning the Patient
Before starting chest compressions, ensure the patient is lying flat on a firm surface, ideally a backboard or hard mattress, with no pillow under the head. Loosen any tight clothing around the chest and neck area to allow for unrestricted movement.Performing Chest Compressions
Place the heel of one hand on the center of the chest, at the midpoint between the two nipples, and place the other hand on top, interlocking fingers. Keep arms straight and shoulders directly above the hands. Compress the chest to a depth of approximately 5–6 cm (2–2.4 inches), at a rate of 100–120 compressions per minute. Perform 30 compressions continuously, allowing the chest to fully recoil between each compression.Opening the Airway and Providing Rescue Breaths
Airway Management
After 30 compressions, open the patient's airway using the head-tilt, chin-lift technique. Clear the mouth of any visible obstructions such as food or foreign objects to ensure an open airway.Delivering Ventilation
Use the EC technique to stabilize the mask while delivering two rescue breaths using a bag-valve-mask (BVM) device. Each breath should last about one second and cause the chest to visibly rise. Maintain a good seal between the mask and the patient's face to prevent air leakage.Continuing CPR Cycles and Monitoring Response
Repeat the cycle of 30 chest compressions followed by 2 rescue breaths. Continue this process until signs of life return, such as spontaneous breathing or a detectable pulse. If the patient regains circulation, prepare for advanced life support measures and carefully document the entire resuscitation process.
Post-Resuscitation Care
Once successful resuscitation is achieved, continue to monitor the patient's vital signs and prepare for transfer to a higher level of care. Ensure all equipment and materials are cleaned and properly stored for future use.