How to Perform CPR on a Cardiac Arrest Victim

Knowing how to respond when someone experiences cardiac arrest is a crucial life-saving skill. If a person suddenly collapses, is unresponsive, and shows no signs of breathing, immediate action is required. First, check for normal breathing. As a trained responder, you should also assess for a pulse—either at the carotid artery in the neck or the radial artery at the wrist. If no pulse is detected, call emergency services immediately, such as 911, and look for an Automated External Defibrillator (AED) nearby, which can significantly increase the person's chance of survival.

Start CPR Immediately

According to the 2015 International CPR Guidelines, the recommended sequence for CPR is Compressions, Airway, Breathing (CAB). Begin with chest compressions. Position your hands on the center of the chest, at the midpoint between the nipples along the sternum. Perform 30 compressions at a rate of 100 to 120 per minute—slightly faster than a normal heartbeat. The depth of each compression should be about 2 inches (5 cm) to ensure effective circulation.

Open the Airway and Provide Rescue Breaths

After completing 30 compressions, open the airway by tilting the head back and lifting the chin. This maneuver helps ensure the airway is clear. Give two rescue breaths by sealing your mouth over the victim's and blowing until you see the chest rise. Each breath should last about one second. Then resume compressions in cycles of 30 compressions to 2 breaths. Complete five cycles within approximately two minutes and reassess the person's condition. If there's no response, continue CPR until professional help arrives.

Hands-Only CPR for Bystanders

The World Health Organization recommends that untrained bystanders can perform hands-only CPR, which involves continuous chest compressions without rescue breaths. This method is effective and easier for laypeople to perform correctly. If someone nearby brings an AED, continue compressions uninterrupted until the device is ready to be used. Early defibrillation combined with CPR can greatly improve survival outcomes.