Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Procedure: A Step-by-Step Guide

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a life-saving technique that can be performed during emergencies where a person's breathing or heartbeat has stopped. Knowing the correct steps can make a significant difference in the outcome for the victim. Below is a detailed breakdown of the CPR process.

Step 1: Assess the Situation

Before beginning CPR, it's crucial to determine whether the person is experiencing cardiac or respiratory arrest. Call out to the individual from both sides of their head to check for responsiveness. Simultaneously, feel for a pulse in the carotid artery and place your ear near their mouth and nose to detect any airflow. These three checks help confirm if the person has stopped breathing and their heart has stopped. If all signs point to cardiac arrest, initiate CPR immediately.

Step 2: Open the Airway

Once it's clear that CPR is necessary, the next step is to open the person's airway. Gently tilt their head back and lift the chin to ensure the airway is clear. If there is visible debris or vomit in the mouth, remove it carefully to prevent obstruction during rescue breathing.

Step 3: Deliver Rescue Breaths

After opening the airway, pinch the person's nose shut with your thumb and index finger. Take a normal breath, then seal your lips around theirs and blow steadily for at least one second. Watch for the chest to rise, which indicates successful air delivery. There's no need to take a deep breath before giving rescue breaths, as normal breathing is sufficient.

Step 4: Perform Chest Compressions

Chest compressions are essential for maintaining blood circulation. If you're the only rescuer, perform 30 compressions followed by 2 rescue breaths. If there are two or more rescuers, switch to a ratio of 15 compressions to 2 breaths. Ensure compressions are firm and fast, at a depth of at least 2 inches and a rate of 100 to 120 compressions per minute.

Advanced Care and Considerations

While CPR is being performed, it's important to remember that rescue breathing and chest compressions are temporary interventions. Emergency medical services should be contacted immediately, and advanced airway management such as endotracheal intubation should be arranged as soon as possible. Once advanced equipment is available, use a manual resuscitator or mechanical ventilator to support breathing and oxygenation. Care should be taken not to over-ventilate the patient, as this can lead to complications like gastric distention or decreased cardiac output.

Conclusion

Performing CPR correctly can significantly increase the chances of survival during a cardiac emergency. Proper training and regular refresher courses are highly recommended to stay updated on the latest guidelines. Whether you're a healthcare professional or a layperson, learning CPR is a valuable skill that can help save lives.