Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation And Its Potential Complications

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a life-saving technique used in emergencies, but it can also lead to various complications. While performing CPR correctly is crucial to increase survival rates, it's equally important to be aware of the potential risks involved, especially when performed for an extended period or on vulnerable individuals.

Common Complications of CPR

Rib and Sternum Fractures

One of the most frequently observed complications during CPR is rib or sternal fractures. These typically occur when CPR is performed for more than 10 minutes. Elderly individuals and those with conditions like osteoporosis are at a higher risk due to decreased bone density. Proper technique is essential in such cases — starting with shallower compressions and gradually increasing depth can help reduce the likelihood of fractures while still maintaining effective chest compressions.

Lung Contusions and Pneumothorax

These complications are often associated with rib fractures. When a fractured rib punctures the lung or damages the pleural cavity, it can result in lung contusions or a condition known as pneumothorax, where air accumulates in the space between the lung and chest wall. This can lead to partial or complete lung collapse and may require immediate medical intervention to stabilize the patient after resuscitation efforts.

Aspiration Pneumonia

Aspiration pneumonia is another relatively common complication following CPR. It typically occurs when a patient experiences cardiac arrest shortly after eating. During chest compressions, increased abdominal pressure can cause stomach contents to regurgitate and enter the trachea, leading to aspiration and potential lung infection. Prompt recognition and treatment post-resuscitation are vital to minimize long-term effects.

Fat Embolism

Although less common, fat embolism is a serious complication that can occur during CPR. It happens when fat particles from bone marrow or adipose tissue enter the bloodstream due to forceful chest compressions. These particles can travel to the lungs, brain, or other organs, potentially causing blockages and systemic complications. Medical teams must monitor for symptoms such as respiratory distress or neurological changes following resuscitation.

Cardiac Rupture

In rare cases, the physical force of chest compressions during CPR can lead to cardiac rupture — a tear in the heart muscle or its chambers. This life-threatening complication can result in severe internal bleeding and requires immediate surgical intervention. While uncommon, it underscores the importance of proper CPR technique and careful application of force during resuscitation efforts.