CPR Step-by-Step Guide: How to Perform Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Effectively

Before initiating cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), it's essential to first assess the person's level of consciousness. Call out to them and gently tap their shoulders to see if there's any response. If there's no reaction, immediately call emergency services at 120 and provide your exact location along with any relevant details about the situation. Next, check for signs of breathing by leaning close to the person's nose and mouth to feel for airflow and visually inspecting whether the chest is rising and falling. At the same time, check for a pulse by feeling the carotid artery in the neck. If there is no breathing and no pulse, it's crucial to begin CPR without delay.

Proper Technique for Chest Compressions

Chest compressions are the foundation of effective CPR. Begin by placing the heel of one hand at the center of the chest, specifically at the midpoint between the two nipples. Place your other hand on top and interlock your fingers, making sure that your fingers do not press against the ribs to avoid potential injury. Keep your arms straight and position your shoulders directly above your hands. Compress the chest at a steady rate of 100 to 120 compressions per minute, pressing down to a depth of approximately 2 to 2.4 inches (5–6 cm). Maintain a consistent rhythm and avoid abrupt or uneven pressure that could reduce the effectiveness of the compressions.

Rescue Breathing and Compression-to-Breath Ratio

After completing 30 chest compressions, open the person's airway using the head-tilt, chin-lift method. Pinch the nose shut and deliver two rescue breaths through the mouth, ensuring a proper seal. Each breath should last about one second and cause the chest to rise visibly. This 30:2 ratio should be repeated for five full cycles before checking for signs of life. The reassessment should be quick—ideally within 5 to 10 seconds—to minimize interruption in life-saving efforts.

Teamwork and Using an AED

If two rescuers are available, one should focus on chest compressions while the other manages the airway and provides rescue breaths. Coordination is key to maintaining a smooth rhythm and maximizing the chances of successful resuscitation. If an automated external defibrillator (AED) is accessible, use it as soon as possible. Early defibrillation significantly increases the likelihood of survival. In situations where multiple people are present, rotate roles every five cycles to prevent fatigue, which can compromise the quality of compressions.