Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Techniques for a Single Rescuer

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a life-saving emergency procedure that combines chest compressions often with artificial ventilation in an effort to manually preserve intact brain function until further measures are taken to restore spontaneous blood circulation and breathing in a person who is in cardiac arrest. Performing CPR as a single rescuer can be challenging, but it is entirely possible to deliver effective care by following the correct steps and maintaining composure.

Initial Assessment and Emergency Response

Before beginning CPR, it is crucial to assess the situation quickly and safely. First, ensure the environment is safe for both the rescuer and the victim. Then, gently tap the person's shoulders and speak loudly to check for responsiveness. Look for normal breathing by observing the chest for rising and falling movements, and feel for airflow against your cheek. Additionally, check for a pulse—ideally at the carotid artery in the neck—for no more than 10 seconds. If there is no response, no normal breathing, or no pulse, it is essential to call emergency services immediately, such as dialing 911 or your local emergency number, before starting CPR.

Proper Chest Compressions Technique

High-quality chest compressions are the cornerstone of effective CPR. Place the heel of one hand on the lower half of the sternum, typically at the intersection point of the line connecting both nipples. Keep your arms straight and shoulders directly above your hands. Compress the chest at a rate of 100 to 120 compressions per minute, with a depth of approximately 2 to 2.4 inches (5–6 cm). Use your upper body weight to apply pressure, allowing the chest to recoil fully between compressions. It is important not to remove your hands from the chest between compressions to maintain proper positioning and effectiveness.

Combining Compressions with Rescue Breaths

Artificial Ventilation Steps

After every 30 compressions, give two rescue breaths. Tilt the victim's head back slightly and lift the chin to open the airway. Pinch the nose shut, create a complete seal over the person's mouth, and give one breath lasting about one second. Watch for the chest to rise. If it does not rise, reposition the head and try again. Each ventilation should provide enough air to visibly lift the chest. After two breaths, immediately resume chest compressions at a ratio of 30 compressions to 2 breaths.

Continuing CPR Until Help Arrives

Continue performing CPR without interruption until emergency medical services arrive or the person shows signs of regaining consciousness, such as breathing normally, moving, or responding. If you become too fatigued to continue effectively, do your best to keep going, as even imperfect CPR can significantly improve the chances of survival.