Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation CPR Techniques for Emergency First Aid

When encountering a person who has collapsed and requires emergency care outside of a hospital setting, it is important not to immediately begin chest compressions. The first step should always be to assess the safety of the environment. This can be done by observing the surroundings visually, listening for unusual sounds, and checking for potential hazards such as gas leaks or unstable structures like landslides or damaged buildings. Ensuring the area is safe before proceeding with any rescue efforts is crucial for both the rescuer and the victim.

Assessing the Need for CPR

Before starting cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), it's essential to determine whether the person actually requires it. Begin by checking the person's level of consciousness. Gently tap both of their shoulders and call out to them near each ear. If there is no response, it is likely the person has lost consciousness.

Checking for Breathing and Pulse

Next, evaluate whether the person is breathing normally. Look for chest movement, feel for air coming from the nose or mouth using your cheek, and listen closely. Additionally, check for a pulse, preferably by feeling the carotid artery in the neck. This method is especially recommended for trained medical personnel. The pulse check should take no longer than 5 to 10 seconds to avoid unnecessary delays.

Proper Technique for Chest Compressions

If the person is not breathing and has no pulse, it's time to begin chest compressions. The correct hand placement is on the lower half of the breastbone, at the midpoint between the two nipples. Compress the chest to a depth of 2 to 2.4 inches (5–6 cm), at a rate of 100 to 120 compressions per minute. It's important to maintain a 1:1 ratio between compression and release, allowing the chest to fully recoil after each push. This ensures proper blood flow during CPR.

CPR Ratio for Adults

Whether performing CPR alone or with a partner, the recommended compression-to-ventilation ratio for adults is consistently 30 compressions to 2 rescue breaths. This ratio helps maintain effective circulation and oxygenation during resuscitation efforts.