Causes of Cardiac Arrest

Cardiac arrest is one of the most critical and life-threatening medical emergencies. Understanding its underlying causes is essential for both prevention and prompt response. Below are the primary factors that can lead to cardiac arrest.

1. Coronary Heart Disease and Acute Events

Myocardial Infarction and Angina

Acute myocardial infarction, commonly known as a heart attack, and severe angina are among the most frequent causes of cardiac arrest. During such events, the heart's electrical system can become unstable, leading to dangerous arrhythmias. These irregular heartbeats may be either too fast or too slow, ultimately impairing the heart's ability to pump blood effectively.

2. Severe Coronary Artery Disease

Advanced coronary artery disease significantly increases the risk of cardiac arrest. When the arteries that supply blood to the heart become severely blocked or damaged, the heart muscle may be deprived of oxygen, which can result in a complete loss of mechanical function and trigger a cardiac arrest.

3. Arrhythmias and Electrical Instability

Types and Triggers

Various types of arrhythmias, including inherited heart conditions and ion channel disorders, can lead to sudden cardiac arrest. Under certain triggers—such as stress, physical exertion, or electrolyte imbalances—these conditions may cause malignant arrhythmias like ventricular fibrillation, which disrupt the heart's normal rhythm and function.

4. Vascular Emergencies

Major Vascular Conditions

Life-threatening vascular issues such as pulmonary embolism and aortic dissection can also result in cardiac arrest. These conditions cause acute circulatory failure, which places immense strain on the cardiovascular system and may lead to sudden cardiac collapse.

5. Multi-System Failure and Terminal Illnesses

Impact of Other Organ Systems

In addition to heart-related causes, severe diseases in other organ systems can culminate in cardiac arrest. Conditions such as acute cerebrovascular accidents (strokes) and severe sepsis can have a profound impact on the heart's function. These illnesses may disrupt both the electrical and mechanical activity of the heart, ultimately leading to sudden cardiac death.