Cardiac Arrest: Understanding the Causes and Risk Factors

Cardiac arrest can be triggered by a variety of factors, with underlying heart conditions being among the most common causes. Individuals with a history of heart disease, such as coronary artery disease or cardiomyopathy, are particularly at risk. In older adults, these conditions may naturally progress and increase the likelihood of sudden cardiac events. Meanwhile, younger individuals may experience cardiac arrest due to myocarditis or other undiagnosed heart conditions.

Medical Conditions Linked to Cardiac Arrest

For some patients, the exact cause of cardiac arrest remains unclear even after thorough medical evaluation. However, several known medical conditions can significantly increase the risk. These include severe blood loss (hypovolemia), such as from a traumatic injury or car accident, which can lead to circulatory collapse and cardiac arrest.

Environmental and Physiological Triggers

Environmental factors also play a role. For example, rapid exposure to high altitudes from low-altitude environments can lead to hypoxia—low oxygen levels in the blood—which in turn may trigger a cardiac arrest event. Similarly, hypothermia during cold weather months can disrupt normal heart function, especially in vulnerable individuals.

Metabolic and Chemical Imbalances

Metabolic disturbances such as acidosis and hyperkalemia (elevated potassium levels) can interfere with the heart's electrical system, potentially leading to dangerous arrhythmias and cardiac arrest. Additionally, extreme hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) should be considered as a potential cause, particularly in diabetic patients.

Other Contributing Factors

Several other conditions can contribute to cardiac arrest. These include toxic substance exposure (poisoning), cardiac tamponade (fluid buildup around the heart), tension pneumothorax (collapsed lung under pressure), and pulmonary or coronary artery embolisms. Each of these conditions requires prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent life-threatening complications.