Cardiac Arrest First Aid: A Step-by-Step Guide

While there isn't an official "four-step method" for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), there are clear, actionable steps that should be followed in the event of a cardiac emergency. These steps are crucial for improving the chances of survival and should be performed promptly and correctly.

Step 1: Recognize Cardiac Arrest and Check Responsiveness

If someone collapses suddenly or appears unresponsive while lying down, the first step is to check for responsiveness. Gently tap the person's shoulder and shout, "Are you okay?" to determine if they are conscious. If there is no response, it may indicate a cardiac arrest.

Next, check for normal breathing by looking at the chest for movement and feeling for breath on your cheek. Do not rely on listening for a heartbeat or feeling for pulse in the wrist. Instead, place your fingers gently on the side of the neck to feel for the carotid pulse. If there is no pulse and the person is not breathing normally, call emergency services immediately at 120 and begin CPR.

Step 2: Begin Chest Compressions and Rescue Breaths

If the person is unresponsive and has no pulse or breathing, start cardiopulmonary resuscitation as soon as possible. Place the heel of one hand on the center of the chest, and place the other hand on top, interlocking your fingers. Push hard and fast at a rate of about 100–120 compressions per minute, allowing the chest to rise completely between compressions.

For conventional CPR, perform 30 chest compressions followed by 2 rescue breaths. If you're trained in CPR and feel comfortable giving rescue breaths, you can use a bag-valve mask or perform mouth-to-mouth breathing. If you're untrained or unwilling to give breaths, continue with hands-only CPR until help arrives.

Step 3: Use an Automated External Defibrillator (AED) If Available

If another person is present and an AED is accessible, it should be used as soon as possible. Turn on the device and follow the voice prompts. Apply the electrode pads to the person's bare chest as shown in the diagram on the pads. The AED will analyze the heart rhythm and deliver a shock if necessary. Make sure no one is touching the person when the shock is delivered.

After defibrillation, immediately resume CPR starting with chest compressions. Continue until emergency medical personnel arrive or the person shows signs of life such as breathing or movement.

Why Immediate Action Matters

Time is critical in a cardiac arrest situation. The likelihood of survival decreases by 7–10% for every minute without CPR or defibrillation. Performing CPR correctly and using an AED can significantly improve outcomes and increase the chance that the person will survive with good neurological function.