Aortic Valve Stenosis: Understanding Causes and Risk Factors

Aortic valve stenosis is a type of heart valve disease that occurs when the aortic valve in the heart becomes narrowed. This condition restricts the flow of blood from the heart into the aorta and onward to the rest of the body. If left untreated, it can lead to serious complications, including heart failure and arrhythmias.

Common Causes of Aortic Valve Stenosis

There are several underlying causes of aortic valve stenosis. In the past, rheumatic heart disease was a leading cause, especially in Asian countries. However, with improvements in living standards and healthcare, the prevalence of rheumatic heart disease has significantly declined in recent years.

Age-Related Degenerative Changes

Today, most cases of aortic valve stenosis seen in patients aged 50 to 60 are due to degenerative changes in the valve. Over time, calcium deposits and wear-and-tear can cause the valve to stiffen and narrow, impairing its function. This type of stenosis typically develops slowly and may not cause symptoms in its early stages.

Congenital Valve Abnormalities

Another important cause of aortic valve stenosis is a congenital heart defect, where individuals are born with an abnormal aortic valve. Normally, the aortic valve has three flaps (leaflets), but some people are born with only two, a condition known as a bicuspid aortic valve. In these cases, the valve may begin to narrow as early as 30 to 40 years of age, and by the time patients reach 50 to 60 years old, the stenosis may become more severe and require medical intervention.

Why Early Detection Matters

Because aortic valve stenosis often progresses without noticeable symptoms in its early stages, regular heart check-ups are essential—especially for individuals over the age of 50 or those with a known heart condition. Detecting the condition early can help doctors monitor the progression and recommend timely treatment options, such as valve replacement or repair, which can significantly improve quality of life and long-term outcomes.