Signs and Symptoms of Aortic Valve Stenosis Every Patient Should Know

Aortic valve stenosis is a severe heart condition that affects the aortic valve, significantly impairing its function and often leading to life-threatening complications. If left untreated, it can result in rapid deterioration and high mortality. Recognizing the key symptoms is crucial for timely diagnosis and treatment.

Common Symptoms of Aortic Valve Stenosis

Chest Pain and Angina

One of the most telling signs of aortic stenosis is angina, or chest pain. This occurs because the heart must work harder to pump blood through a narrowed valve. As a result, the left ventricle becomes thickened—a condition known as left ventricular hypertrophy. This thickening can restrict blood flow to the heart muscle itself, leading to angina. Patients often describe this discomfort as a tightness or pressure in the chest, especially during physical activity.

Syncope and Risk of Sudden Death

Fainting (syncope) is another alarming symptom of advanced aortic stenosis. It typically occurs when the heart can no longer compensate for the increased pressure needed to pump blood through the narrowed valve. This leads to reduced blood flow to the brain, causing dizziness or sudden loss of consciousness. In severe cases, syncope can be a precursor to sudden cardiac death, particularly if the heart develops dangerous arrhythmias.

Heart Failure and Fluid Retention

As the condition progresses, patients may begin to experience symptoms of heart failure. These include shortness of breath, fatigue, swelling in the legs and ankles (edema), and difficulty breathing while lying flat. These signs occur because the heart becomes enlarged and weakened over time, struggling to pump blood efficiently to the rest of the body.

Arrhythmias and Cardiac Instability

Aortic stenosis can also disrupt the heart's electrical system, leading to irregular heartbeats or arrhythmias. Common types include atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, and ventricular fibrillation. These disturbances can further compromise heart function and increase the risk of sudden cardiac arrest. Patients may experience palpitations, dizziness, or even collapse.

Why Prompt Medical Attention Is Essential

Given the severity of aortic valve stenosis and its potential complications, early diagnosis and treatment are critical. Once symptoms appear, the risk of mortality increases significantly. The only effective long-term treatment is surgical valve replacement. Therefore, individuals experiencing any of the above symptoms should seek immediate evaluation by a cardiologist or cardiac surgeon to discuss appropriate intervention options.