Hyperlipidemia: Understanding the Risks and Impact on Health

Hyperlipidemia, commonly referred to as dyslipidemia in medical terms, is a condition characterized by abnormally high levels of lipids or fats in the bloodstream. It can result from excessive fat intake, abnormal synthesis, or impaired metabolism of lipoproteins. This condition poses serious health risks, primarily by accelerating the development of atherosclerosis and increasing the likelihood of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, as well as acute pancreatitis.

What is Hyperlipidemia?

Lipids are a general term for various types of fatty substances circulating in the blood. Since lipids cannot dissolve in blood on their own, they must bind with apolipoproteins to be transported throughout the body. Because lipids exist in the blood as lipoproteins, abnormal lipid levels often manifest as lipoprotein disorders. Clinically, doctors typically assess lipid levels through four key indicators known as the lipid profile: total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C).

Normal Lipid Levels

Healthy lipid levels are generally defined as follows: total cholesterol below 5.2 mmol/L, triglycerides under 1.7 mmol/L, LDL-C within a desirable range of less than 3.37 mmol/L, and HDL-C above 1.0 mmol/L. When total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL-C levels rise above these thresholds, or HDL-C levels fall below normal, it indicates the presence of hyperlipidemia.

Health Risks Associated with Hyperlipidemia

The most significant consequence of hyperlipidemia is the promotion of atherosclerosis, a process in which fatty deposits build up in the arteries, restricting blood flow. LDL-C, often referred to as "bad cholesterol," plays a central role in this process. When LDL-C accumulates beneath the arterial lining, it is engulfed by macrophages, forming what are known as foam cells. These cells contribute to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, which can grow over time and potentially lead to severe conditions such as coronary artery disease and cerebral infarction.

Impact on Other Organ Systems

In addition to its effects on the cardiovascular system, elevated triglyceride levels can significantly increase the risk of acute pancreatitis. This occurs when high triglyceride levels lead to blockages in the pancreatic duct or disrupt blood flow within the pancreas, triggering inflammation and potentially life-threatening complications.

Managing Hyperlipidemia

For individuals diagnosed with hyperlipidemia, lifestyle modifications are essential. A heart-healthy diet that emphasizes fresh fruits and vegetables—such as celery, spinach, grapefruit, and watermelon—can help lower lipid levels. It is also important to avoid high-fat and high-sugar foods. Regular physical activity is strongly recommended to improve lipid metabolism and overall cardiovascular health.

In cases where lifestyle changes are not enough, medical treatment may be necessary. Commonly prescribed medications include statins such as lovastatin, simvastatin, and atorvastatin calcium, as well as cholesterol-lowering agents like ezetimibe and probucol. These drugs help bring lipid levels back into the normal range, thereby reducing the risk of complications such as heart attack, stroke, and pancreatitis.