High Cholesterol: What Causes It?

High cholesterol, or dyslipidemia, can result from a variety of factors including lipid sources, lipoprotein synthesis, metabolic processes, enzyme dysfunction, or disruptions in receptor pathways. Cholesterol disorders are generally categorized into two main types: primary and secondary dyslipidemia. Each has distinct underlying causes that contribute to abnormal lipid levels in the blood.

Primary Dyslipidemia: Genetic and Environmental Influences

Primary dyslipidemia typically arises from a combination of genetic predispositions and environmental influences. In many cases, this type is linked to single or multiple gene mutations that affect lipid metabolism. While the exact cause may not always be clear, researchers believe that inherited traits play a significant role. Environmental factors also heavily influence this condition. These include unhealthy dietary choices such as excessive consumption of fatty foods and sweetened beverages like bubble tea, lack of physical activity, obesity, aging, smoking, and heavy alcohol consumption.

Secondary Dyslipidemia: Underlying Conditions and Medication Effects

Secondary dyslipidemia occurs as a result of other medical conditions or medications. Diseases such as hypothyroidism, Cushing's syndrome, liver or kidney disorders, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), multiple myeloma, and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) can interfere with lipid production, transport, or breakdown. These conditions often alter normal metabolic pathways, leading to elevated cholesterol or triglyceride levels.

Medications That May Contribute to High Cholesterol

In addition to diseases, certain medications can contribute to secondary dyslipidemia when used long-term. Common examples include thiazide diuretics, non-selective beta-blockers, and corticosteroids. These drugs may interfere with normal lipid metabolism, resulting in elevated cholesterol levels. It is important for patients on such medications to monitor their lipid profiles regularly and consult with healthcare professionals to manage potential side effects.