Causes and Symptoms of Pericarditis

What Causes Pericarditis?

Pericarditis is typically triggered by a variety of factors including physical trauma, chemical irritation, genetic predispositions, or infections caused by microorganisms. These triggers lead to inflammatory responses in the pericardium — the thin, sac-like membrane surrounding the heart. As a result, the condition may progress to cause complications such as pericardial adhesions, thickening of the pericardium, and localized calcification of the heart tissue. Clinically, pericarditis is categorized into two main types: acute pericarditis, which occurs suddenly and lasts a short time, and chronic pericarditis, which develops gradually and persists over a longer period.

Common Symptoms of Pericarditis

The most common symptoms of pericarditis include chest tightness, chest pain, shortness of breath, and excessive sweating — all of which are closely related to heart function. Additionally, patients may experience signs typical of a post-infection response, such as fever, cough, and sore throat. These symptoms often appear following a viral or bacterial infection.

Complications of Fluid Accumulation

In more severe cases, when excessive fluid accumulates in the pericardial space and begins to compress the heart, it can lead to a dangerous condition known as cardiac tamponade. This results in impaired blood flow from the heart, increased venous pressure, and potentially life-threatening consequences. Symptoms of acute cardiac tamponade may include intense chest pain, severe dyspnea (difficulty breathing), cold extremities, shock, and in extreme cases, sudden cardiac arrest.

Understanding Infectious Pericarditis

Infectious pericarditis refers specifically to cases caused by pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, or mycoplasma. These types of pericarditis can be contagious, especially when transmitted through respiratory droplets or close contact with an infected individual. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are crucial to prevent complications and improve patient outcomes.