Chronic Constrictive Pericarditis: Understanding the Condition and Its Impact on Heart Function

Chronic constrictive pericarditis is a progressive condition that develops when acute pericarditis transitions into a long-term illness. This disorder is characterized by structural changes in the pericardium—the sac surrounding the heart—such as thickening, calcification, or adhesion. These alterations restrict the heart's ability to expand properly during filling, ultimately reducing cardiac output and increasing venous pressure throughout the body.

Key Symptoms and Clinical Manifestations

Patients often experience symptoms related to impaired blood flow and fluid retention. Common signs include jugular venous distension, hepatomegaly, ascites, and peripheral edema, particularly in the lower extremities. Additionally, individuals may suffer from exertional dyspnea, reflecting the heart's diminished capacity to meet the body's demands. These symptoms can significantly impact quality of life and require prompt medical attention.

Diagnostic Approaches and Imaging Findings

Role of Imaging Techniques

Accurate diagnosis is essential for effective management. Echocardiography plays a vital role in identifying pericardial thickening, calcifications, or adhesions. In some cases, chest X-rays may also reveal signs of pericardial calcification, supporting the diagnosis. These imaging tools help clinicians assess the severity of the condition and guide treatment planning.

Treatment Options and Management Strategies

Managing chronic constrictive pericarditis involves a combination of medical therapy and, in advanced cases, surgical intervention. Initially, healthcare providers may prescribe medications to alleviate symptoms and manage complications such as fluid retention. However, for patients with significant functional impairment, pericardiectomy—surgical removal of the affected pericardium—may be necessary to restore normal heart function and improve long-term outcomes.