What Is Dry Pericarditis?

Dry pericarditis, also known as fibrinous pericarditis, is a type of acute inflammation affecting both the visceral and parietal layers of the pericardium. In this condition, the primary pathological change involves the exudation of fibrin, white blood cells, and a small number of endothelial cells. Unlike other forms of pericarditis that involve significant fluid accumulation, dry pericarditis is characterized by the absence of substantial effusion, hence its name.

Clinical Features of Dry Pericarditis

Patients with dry pericarditis often experience sharp, pleuritic chest pain that may worsen with deep breathing or lying down. Another key clinical sign is the presence of a pericardial friction rub, which can be detected during physical examination. Electrocardiogram (ECG) changes are also commonly observed, including widespread ST-segment elevation and PR-segment depression, which are indicative of pericardial inflammation.

Structure and Function of the Pericardium

The pericardium is composed of two main layers: the visceral pericardium, which is a thin serous membrane made of a single layer of mesothelial cells covering the heart's surface, and the parietal pericardium, a fibrous layer primarily composed of collagen and elastic fibers. This dual-layered structure plays a crucial role in protecting the heart and maintaining its position within the thoracic cavity.

Common Types of Pericarditis

There are several types of pericarditis commonly seen in clinical practice, including purulent pericarditis, tuberculous pericarditis, non-specific pericarditis, and rheumatic pericarditis. Interestingly, all of these forms typically begin with a dry, fibrinous stage before progressing to more advanced phases that may involve fluid accumulation or other complications.