Acute Pericarditis Symptoms And Clinical Presentation

General Symptoms

Fever is one of the primary systemic manifestations of acute pericarditis. Patients may experience different types of fever patterns, including remittent and continuous fever. In some cases, individuals may only develop a mild, low-grade fever.

Chest Pain

Chest pain is a hallmark symptom of acute pericarditis, especially during the fibrinous stage of the disease. This pain arises due to excessive fibrin exudation between the visceral and parietal layers of the pericardium. The pain can vary in intensity and nature—some patients describe it as sharp, stabbing discomfort, while others may feel a dull ache. This pain often worsens with deep breathing or lying down and can be relieved by sitting up or leaning forward.

Pericardial Effusion And Cardiac Tamponade

Following the fibrinous phase, the condition may progress to exudative pericarditis, where fluid accumulates in the pericardial space. If the fluid builds up rapidly or in large amounts, it can lead to cardiac tamponade. This complication impairs the heart's ability to pump blood effectively and obstructs venous return, leading to symptoms such as anxiety, pallor, shortness of breath, and restlessness.

Additional Complications

Moreover, the accumulated fluid may compress surrounding structures such as the lungs, blood vessels, and trachea. This pressure can result in complications like atelectasis and further respiratory difficulties. Recognizing these signs early is crucial for preventing life-threatening outcomes and ensuring proper management of acute pericarditis.