Acute Pericarditis: Understanding The Condition And Its Causes

Acute pericarditis is a medical condition characterized by sudden inflammation of the pericardium, the protective sac surrounding the heart. This inflammation typically affects both the visceral and parietal layers of the pericardium, leading to fluid accumulation and various associated symptoms. Normally, there is a small amount of lubricating fluid (approximately 50mL) between these two layers, which allows the heart to function smoothly without friction.

Causes Of Acute Pericarditis

One of the primary causes of acute pericarditis is infection. When harmful pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, or fungi reach the pericardium, they can trigger an inflammatory response. These infectious agents may reach the heart through the bloodstream, following surgery, or due to complications from other diseases. Infections are often responsible for the majority of pericarditis cases worldwide.

Non-Infectious Causes

In addition to infections, non-infectious factors can also lead to pericarditis. Conditions such as autoimmune diseases (e.g., lupus or rheumatoid arthritis), metabolic disorders, and radiation therapy to the chest area have been linked to this condition. Furthermore, complications from other systemic illnesses like uremia, which is often associated with kidney failure, can also result in pericardial inflammation.

Cardiac-Related Triggers

Acute pericarditis can also develop as a result of heart-related issues. For example, post-pericardiotomy syndrome may occur after heart surgery involving the pericardium. Similarly, patients who have experienced a myocardial infarction (heart attack) may develop a type of pericarditis known as post-myocardial infarction pericarditis. These conditions highlight the complex relationship between heart health and the surrounding pericardial tissue.