Acute Pericarditis And Its Potential Complications

Acute pericarditis, an inflammation of the pericardium, can lead to several serious complications if not properly managed. Among these, the two most significant include cardiac tamponade and compression of surrounding tissues by the inflamed pericardium.

Cardiac Tamponade: A Critical Complication

Cardiac tamponade is one of the most severe complications of acute pericarditis. This condition occurs when excessive fluid accumulates in the pericardial space, putting pressure on the heart and restricting its ability to function properly. Under normal circumstances, the heart relies on a rhythmic cycle of contraction and relaxation to draw in venous blood and pump oxygenated blood throughout the body. However, when tamponade develops, this process is disrupted.

The increased pressure from fluid buildup impairs the heart's ability to expand fully during relaxation, resulting in reduced cardiac output. As a consequence, vital organs may not receive adequate blood flow, leading to systemic symptoms such as fatigue, shortness of breath, and dizziness. In addition, blood may begin to pool in the organs, causing congestion and further complications such as liver enlargement and peripheral edema.

Compression Of Surrounding Tissues

Another potential complication of acute pericarditis is the physical compression of nearby organs due to the enlargement of the inflamed pericardium. This can particularly affect the respiratory system, as the swelling may press on the lungs and airways.

Effects On The Lungs

When the pericardium expands, it can compress the adjacent lung tissue, potentially leading to atelectasis—a condition where parts of the lung collapse or fail to inflate properly. This can reduce oxygen exchange and lead to symptoms such as chest discomfort and difficulty breathing.

Airway Obstruction

In addition to lung compression, the inflamed pericardium may also exert pressure on the trachea and bronchial structures. This can cause symptoms like coughing, wheezing, and even stridor—a high-pitched breathing sound that indicates airway obstruction. These signs often prompt further diagnostic evaluation to rule out other serious conditions.