Acute Pericarditis: Understanding The Condition And Its Causes

Acute pericarditis is a medical condition characterized by the sudden inflammation of the pericardium, which consists of two layers — the parietal and visceral layers. Normally, a small amount of fluid, around 50 mL, exists between these layers to provide lubrication, allowing the heart to function smoothly. However, when inflammation occurs, this fluid can increase and lead to a condition known as pericarditis.

Common Causes Of Acute Pericarditis

One of the primary causes of acute pericarditis is infection. Bacterial, viral, and fungal infections can all spread to the pericardium and trigger inflammation. These infectious agents may reach the heart through the bloodstream or from nearby infected tissues. Viruses such as coxsackievirus, echovirus, and adenovirus are among the most commonly implicated pathogens.

Non-Infectious Triggers Of Pericarditis

In addition to infections, non-infectious causes also play a significant role in the development of acute pericarditis. Conditions such as autoimmune disorders, including lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, can lead to inflammation of the pericardium. Metabolic diseases and complications from other systemic illnesses, such as uremia caused by kidney failure, are also known contributors.

Secondary Causes Linked To Cardiac Events

Acute pericarditis can also occur following certain heart-related events or procedures. For example, post-pericardiotomy syndrome may develop after heart surgery, where the pericardium is cut or manipulated. Similarly, myocardial infarction (heart attack) can sometimes result in pericardial inflammation, especially if a large portion of the heart muscle is affected.

Other Contributing Factors

Radiation therapy directed at the chest area may also damage the pericardium over time, leading to inflammation. Additionally, certain medications and trauma to the chest can trigger an immune response that affects the pericardium, resulting in symptoms of acute pericarditis.