Causes of Pericarditis: Understanding the Different Types and Triggers

Pericarditis, the inflammation of the pericardium, can be triggered by various factors. From a medical perspective, it is broadly categorized into four main types, each with distinct causes and mechanisms.

Infectious Causes of Pericarditis

Tuberculous Pericarditis

Tuberculous pericarditis is caused by an infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. When the bacteria spread from the lungs or other infected areas through the bloodstream or lymphatic system, they can reach the pericardium and cause inflammation. This type of pericarditis is more common in regions with high tuberculosis prevalence and can lead to chronic complications if not treated promptly.

Pyogenic Pericarditis

Pyogenic pericarditis is the result of a bacterial infection that leads to the accumulation of pus in the pericardial space. It is often caused by bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus species. These pathogens can reach the heart through the bloodstream, following a recent infection or medical procedure. This condition is considered a medical emergency due to the risk of cardiac tamponade and requires immediate treatment.

Autoimmune and Inflammatory Causes

Rheumatic Pericarditis

Rheumatic pericarditis is a complication of rheumatic fever, which itself is triggered by an untreated infection with Group A Streptococcus. The immune system's response to the infection can mistakenly attack the body's own tissues, including the heart and pericardium. This hypersensitivity reaction leads to inflammation and can affect multiple layers of the heart, not just the pericardium.

Non-Specific and Idiopathic Pericarditis

Atypical Pericarditis

Atypical pericarditis refers to cases where the cause is not clearly infectious or autoimmune. Many of these cases are linked to recent viral infections, such as the common cold or upper respiratory tract infections. The inflammation may be a post-viral response, where the immune system remains active even after the infection has cleared. In some cases, no specific cause is identified, and the condition is labeled as idiopathic pericarditis.

All these types of pericarditis ultimately result in damage to the pericardial tissue, triggering an inflammatory response. Understanding the underlying cause is crucial for determining the appropriate treatment and managing potential complications. If you suspect you have pericarditis, it's important to seek medical attention to prevent further heart-related issues.