Acute Pericarditis and the Most Prominent Symptom During Pericardial Effusion

When pericardial effusion occurs due to acute pericarditis, the most noticeable symptom is shortness of breath. This happens because the enlarged pericardium exerts pressure on the trachea and lungs, leading to pulmonary congestion. Patients often adopt a sitting position with their bodies leaning forward to ease breathing, which typically becomes rapid and shallow. Additionally, individuals may appear pale, and in some cases, cyanosis may occur. Compression of the trachea and esophagus can also result in a dry cough, hoarseness, and difficulty swallowing.

Common Symptoms of Acute Pericarditis

In addition to respiratory distress, acute pericarditis — an inflammatory condition — often presents with chills and fever. Some patients may experience a feeling of fullness in the chest or upper abdomen, general fatigue, and irritability. These symptoms can vary in intensity and may worsen as the condition progresses.

Diagnostic Findings and Clinical Examination

During a physical examination, healthcare providers may observe an enlarged cardiac dullness area on both sides. An electrocardiogram (ECG) may reveal low voltage in limb leads, which is a characteristic but non-specific sign of pericardial involvement. Furthermore, an echocardiogram is a valuable diagnostic tool that can detect a significant increase in pericardial fluid, confirming the presence of effusion and helping guide further treatment decisions.