Causes Of Pericarditis And Understanding Its Various Types

Pericarditis, an inflammation of the pericardium, can arise from a wide range of causes. It may develop as a result of viral or other types of infections, or it can be triggered by diseases affecting nearby organs and tissues. In some cases, pericarditis may be a manifestation of a systemic illness. When the exact cause cannot be identified, the condition is referred to as idiopathic pericarditis. This condition can be classified into several types, including acute pericarditis, chronic pericarditis, pericardial effusion (fluid buildup), cardiac tamponade (compression of the heart), and chronic constrictive pericarditis. Below is a detailed overview of the common types and their underlying causes:

1. Idiopathic Pericarditis

Idiopathic pericarditis is a type where medical evaluations often fail to pinpoint the exact cause. However, it is generally believed that most cases are triggered by viral infections. Despite the unknown origin in specific instances, this type is relatively common and often resolves on its own with or without treatment.

2. Infectious Pericarditis

Types of Infections Involved

This form of pericarditis is primarily caused by infections. The most common culprits include viral infections, such as those caused by coxsackievirus or echovirus. Additionally, bacterial, tuberculous, and fungal infections can also lead to pericardial inflammation. Other less common infectious agents, such as parasites or rickettsiae, may also be responsible in rare cases.

3. Non-Infectious Pericarditis

Associated Conditions and Triggers

Non-infectious pericarditis is often linked to various systemic diseases or physical trauma. It can occur following an acute myocardial infarction (heart attack) or be related to conditions like uremia (buildup of toxins in the blood due to kidney failure), cancer, or sarcoidosis. Other causes include chylous or cholesterol pericarditis, trauma, aortic dissection, radiation therapy, and post-surgical complications.

4. Autoimmune and Allergic Pericarditis

Immune-Mediated Causes

Certain types of pericarditis are driven by immune responses. For example, rheumatic pericarditis is associated with autoimmune disorders such as rheumatic fever. Similarly, vasculitic pericarditis occurs in the context of systemic vasculitis. Other forms include drug-induced pericarditis and post-myocardial injury syndrome, which can occur after heart surgery or a heart attack.