Acute Pericarditis: Understanding Its Characteristics And Symptoms

Acute pericarditis is an inflammatory condition affecting both the visceral and parietal layers of the pericardium. It often develops as a secondary complication of various systemic diseases, including infections, autoimmune disorders, malignancies, and metabolic or endocrine conditions. Additionally, it can be triggered by physical trauma, certain medications, or medical procedures. Understanding its characteristics is essential for timely diagnosis and treatment.

Common Symptoms Of Acute Pericarditis

One of the most notable symptoms in children is chest pain, typically located behind the sternum or in the precordial area. Older children may describe a feeling of pressure or discomfort that worsens during deep breathing, coughing, swallowing, or when lying down—especially in a supine or left lateral position. Sitting up or leaning forward often alleviates the discomfort. The pain may radiate to the left shoulder, back, neck, or upper abdomen, and in rare cases, it may extend to the jaw, left arm, or hand.

Atypical Presentations In Infants

In younger infants, symptoms can be less specific and may include irritability, poor feeding, and general discomfort. These non-specific signs can make early diagnosis challenging, especially in very young patients who cannot clearly articulate their symptoms.

Complications Due To Fluid Accumulation

As the condition progresses, excess fluid accumulation in the pericardial space can exert pressure on surrounding organs. This pressure may lead to symptoms such as persistent coughing, shortness of breath, upper abdominal pain, nausea, and difficulty swallowing. These signs indicate possible cardiac tamponade or significant pericardial effusion, which require immediate medical attention.

Systemic Symptoms And Disease Correlation

Patients may also experience systemic symptoms such as fever, fatigue, malaise, and loss of appetite. These general manifestations often reflect the underlying cause of the pericarditis. Therefore, the clinical presentation of acute pericarditis is closely tied to the primary disease process, making a comprehensive medical evaluation crucial for effective management.