Constrictive Pericarditis: Understanding Its Causes and Symptoms

Constrictive pericarditis typically develops as a result of untreated or recurring acute pericarditis that progresses into its chronic form. Over time, this chronic inflammation can lead to thickening and scarring of the pericardium, ultimately resulting in constrictive pericarditis. One of the primary causes is tuberculous pericarditis, which is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Other types, such as traumatic pericarditis and purulent pericarditis, are often linked to infectious agents or non-specific inflammatory responses.

Common Causes of Constrictive Pericarditis

In addition to infections, various other conditions can contribute to the development of this condition. Autoimmune disorders, where the body's immune system attacks its own tissues, can lead to chronic inflammation of the pericardium. Furthermore, diseases such as cancer and uremia — a buildup of toxins in the blood due to kidney failure — have also been associated with constrictive pericarditis. These underlying conditions trigger persistent inflammation, which over time can cause the pericardial layers to become stiff and inelastic.

Recognizing the Symptoms

Patients suffering from constrictive pericarditis may experience a range of symptoms including fever, chest pain, shortness of breath, and an inability to lie flat comfortably. Other signs such as abdominal swelling and swelling in both lower extremities are also common. These symptoms arise due to the restricted filling of the heart chambers, which leads to impaired cardiac function and fluid buildup in various parts of the body.

Diagnosis and Treatment Options

Early diagnosis is crucial for effective management. A cardiac ultrasound, or echocardiogram, is often used to detect pericardial thickening, fibrosis, and abnormal diastolic function. Since blood flow is obstructed, patients may experience a decline in overall heart performance, leading to fatigue, reduced exercise tolerance, and other complications. In most cases, surgical intervention — such as pericardiectomy, the removal of part or all of the pericardium — is necessary to relieve symptoms and restore normal heart function.

For patients experiencing symptoms of constrictive pericarditis, prompt medical attention is essential. Early detection and appropriate treatment can significantly improve outcomes and enhance quality of life.