Infectious Pericarditis: Types and Overview

Infectious pericarditis refers to the inflammation of the pericardium caused by various infectious agents. The primary causes include viral, bacterial, mycoplasma, fungal, parasitic, rickettsial, and spirochetal infections. Among these, viral and bacterial infections are the most commonly observed. Below is a detailed breakdown of the major types:

Viral Pericarditis

Viral infection is one of the most common causes of infectious pericarditis. It is often triggered by respiratory or enteric viruses. Patients typically experience symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath, and pericardial effusion during the acute phase of the illness. In most cases, the fluid buildup resolves on its own once the underlying viral infection is treated. However, if excessive fluid accumulates, it can lead to cardiac tamponade — a serious condition that alters hemodynamics and can be life-threatening. In such cases, prompt medical attention is essential to prevent complications.

Bacterial and Tuberculous Pericarditis

Bacterial infection often leads to purulent pericarditis, a severe form characterized by pus formation around the heart. Similarly, tuberculous infection results in tuberculous pericarditis, which can be chronic and more difficult to treat. Both conditions require immediate hospitalization and targeted treatment with appropriate antibiotics or anti-tuberculosis medications. If the infection progresses to a chronic stage despite medical therapy, surgical intervention such as pericardiectomy — the removal of part or all of the pericardium — may be necessary to restore normal heart function.

Other Less Common Causes

Although less frequent, pericarditis can also result from infections such as fungal, parasitic, rickettsial, or spirochetal agents. These types often occur in immunocompromised individuals or in specific geographic regions where such pathogens are endemic. Diagnosis typically requires more specialized testing, and treatment must be tailored to the specific organism involved.

In conclusion, identifying the exact cause of infectious pericarditis is crucial for effective management. Early diagnosis and appropriate therapy can significantly improve outcomes and reduce the risk of long-term complications. If symptoms persist or worsen, seeking professional medical care is strongly recommended.