Low Blood Pressure: Understanding Its Symptoms and Types

Low blood pressure, or hypotension, can be categorized into acute and chronic types. Acute hypotension often results from sudden inadequate blood flow to vital organs such as the heart, brain, and kidneys. This condition may lead to symptoms including dizziness, blurred vision, weakness in the limbs, cold sweats, palpitations, and reduced urine output. In severe cases, it can result in fainting, shock, or even life-threatening complications.

Types of Chronic Low Blood Pressure

Chronic hypotension can be further classified into several subtypes, each with distinct characteristics and potential symptoms.

1. Constitutional Hypotension

Constitutional hypotension is often linked to genetic factors, physical build, or being underweight. Individuals with mild cases may not experience any symptoms, while those with more severe cases might suffer from fatigue, dizziness, headaches, or even fainting spells. This type of low blood pressure tends to be more noticeable during warmer months when temperatures are higher.

2. Orthostatic Hypotension

Orthostatic hypotension occurs when there is a significant drop in blood pressure upon changing positions, especially from lying down to standing up. Specifically, it is diagnosed when systolic blood pressure drops by more than 20 mmHg or diastolic pressure by more than 10 mmHg within three minutes of standing. Common symptoms associated with this drop include dizziness, headaches, blurred vision, nausea, vomiting, and difficulties with concentration or memory.

3. Secondary Hypotension

Secondary hypotension is caused by underlying medical conditions or certain medications. Examples include heart valve disorders like aortic or mitral stenosis, excessive use of blood pressure-lowering drugs, and some antidepressants. Identifying and managing the root cause is essential in treating this type of hypotension effectively.