What Are the Complications of Stomach Ulcers?

Stomach ulcers, a type of benign gastrointestinal disorder, occur when the protective lining of the stomach is damaged, leading to various physiological and pathological changes. If left untreated, these ulcers can progress and lead to several serious complications over time.

1. Bleeding

A peptic ulcer involves a localized break in the stomach lining. As the ulcer deepens, it may expose underlying blood vessels to the acidic environment of the stomach. This exposure can cause bleeding, especially after eating, when food particles come into contact with the damaged tissue. In some cases, this bleeding can be severe and life-threatening, requiring immediate medical attention.

2. Gastric Outlet Obstruction

Ulcers located near the pylorus or gastric antrum can cause swelling, inflammation, or scarring that narrows the passageway between the stomach and the small intestine. This narrowing can result in a blockage known as gastric outlet obstruction. Symptoms include persistent vomiting, early satiety, bloating, and significant digestive disturbances. Electrolyte imbalances and nutritional deficiencies may also develop if the condition remains untreated.

3. Perforation

When an ulcer erodes completely through the stomach wall—including the mucosa, submucosa, muscular layers, and even the serosa—it results in a perforation. This allows stomach contents, including acid and partially digested food, to leak into the abdominal cavity, causing peritonitis—an infection that spreads throughout the abdomen. This complication is considered a surgical emergency and requires prompt intervention to prevent sepsis and other life-threatening conditions.

Potential for Malignant Transformation

While not all ulcers progress to cancer, long-standing ulcers that are left untreated carry an increased risk of malignant transformation. Once a gastric ulcer becomes cancerous, treatment outcomes tend to be less favorable, and the prognosis may worsen significantly.

In conclusion, early diagnosis and appropriate management of stomach ulcers are crucial in preventing these dangerous complications. Patients experiencing symptoms such as severe abdominal pain, black stools, vomiting, or unexplained weight loss should seek medical evaluation promptly. Following a full course of prescribed therapy, making lifestyle adjustments, and undergoing regular follow-up exams can help ensure optimal recovery and reduce the risk of recurrence or progression.