Rheumatic Heart Disease Symptoms and Signs

Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is primarily caused by an abnormal immune response triggered by Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection. This condition often leads to long-term damage to the heart valves and can significantly affect a person's quality of life. Understanding the common symptoms and physical signs is crucial for early detection and effective management.

Common Symptoms of Rheumatic Heart Disease

Patients with rheumatic heart disease frequently experience symptoms such as palpitations, shortness of breath, fatigue, persistent coughing, swelling in the lower extremities, and the production of pink, frothy sputum. These symptoms are often related to heart failure and can vary in severity depending on the extent of heart valve damage.

Typical Physical Signs

One of the most notable physical signs of rheumatic heart disease is an enlarged heart, which can be detected through imaging studies or physical examination. Rapid heart rate, or tachycardia, is also commonly observed, especially during periods of activity or stress.

In addition, a weakened first heart sound at the apex of the heart is frequently heard during auscultation. This indicates reduced function of the mitral valve, which is often affected in RHD. Crackles or abnormal breath sounds may be present at the lung bases due to fluid accumulation.

Complications and Additional Manifestations

Pericardial involvement may occur in some cases, leading to signs of pericarditis such as chest pain and a pericardial friction rub. Joint symptoms are also common, including redness, swelling, pain, and limited range of motion, especially in the larger joints like the knees and elbows.

In rare instances, patients may develop erythema marginatum, a characteristic rash that appears as large, red, ring-shaped lesions with a pale center. These skin manifestations are typically found on the trunk and inner sides of the limbs and are considered a major diagnostic criterion for rheumatic fever.

Conclusion

Recognizing the signs and symptoms of rheumatic heart disease is essential for timely diagnosis and treatment. If you or someone you know is experiencing any of these indicators, especially after a recent streptococcal infection, it is important to seek medical attention promptly to prevent further cardiac complications.