Rheumatic Heart Disease Explained

Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is a condition that develops as a result of repeated infections caused by group A streptococcus bacteria. These infections can lead to rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that may damage the heart, particularly the heart valves. This damage can result in long-term complications, commonly referred to as rheumatic heart disease.

Causes and Common Symptoms

The primary cause of rheumatic heart disease is untreated or inadequately treated infections such as strep throat or scarlet fever, which are caused by Group B hemolytic streptococcus. Initially, patients may experience flu-like symptoms including sore throat, fever, and fatigue. If left unchecked, the infection can progress to rheumatic fever, which often leads to inflammation in the joints and heart.

Joint and Heart Complications

Many patients also suffer from arthritis during acute episodes, experiencing joint swelling and pain. After these flare-ups, varying degrees of heart damage can occur. The most common type of damage involves the heart valves. The mitral valve and aortic valve are most frequently affected, leading to conditions such as mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation, aortic stenosis, or aortic regurgitation.

Diagnosis and Medical Attention

If symptoms suggest possible heart damage, it is crucial to seek medical attention promptly. A visit to the hospital for a comprehensive evaluation is highly recommended. One of the most effective diagnostic tools is an echocardiogram, which allows doctors to visualize the heart valves and assess any structural damage.

Declining Incidence

In recent years, the incidence of rheumatic heart disease has significantly decreased, especially in developed countries. This decline is largely due to improved living standards, better access to healthcare, and increased awareness about the importance of treating respiratory infections early. Prompt antibiotic treatment for streptococcal infections has played a key role in preventing the progression to rheumatic fever and subsequent heart damage.