Rheumatic Heart Disease Which Parts Of The Heart Can Be Affected

Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is a condition that primarily affects the heart valves due to damage caused by rheumatic fever. The mitral valve is most commonly affected, followed by the aortic valve. In some cases, the tricuspid and pulmonary valves may also be involved. This type of heart valve disorder can lead to various clinical symptoms, which may vary depending on the severity and progression of the disease.

Impact On The Mitral Valve

One of the most common manifestations of rheumatic heart disease is mitral valve involvement. This can lead to either mitral regurgitation (incomplete valve closure) or mitral stenosis (narrowing of the valve opening). As the condition progresses, it may result in heart failure, causing symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and even hemoptysis (coughing up blood). Pulmonary edema may also occur due to increased pressure in the pulmonary veins.

Effects On The Aortic Valve

When rheumatic fever affects the aortic valve, it can lead to aortic regurgitation or aortic stenosis. These conditions may cause symptoms like chest pain (angina), dizziness, and fainting spells. In severe cases, patients may experience heart failure or even sudden cardiac death. Early detection and monitoring are crucial to managing these complications effectively.

Other Valve Involvement

Although less common, rheumatic heart disease can also affect the tricuspid and pulmonary valves. These cases may contribute to additional complications, such as right-sided heart failure, which can lead to fluid retention and swelling in the lower extremities.

Treatment Options For Rheumatic Heart Disease

In the early stages of the disease, management focuses on preserving heart function and preventing further damage. This includes avoiding activities that place excessive strain on the heart and taking preventive measures against infections, particularly streptococcal infections, which are known to trigger rheumatic fever.

As the disease progresses and heart failure develops, symptomatic treatment becomes necessary. Medications such as diuretics, vasodilators, and inotropic agents may be prescribed to manage symptoms and improve heart function. Additionally, patients with rheumatic heart disease often develop atrial fibrillation, requiring anticoagulant therapy to reduce the risk of stroke.

When Surgery Is Required

In more advanced cases, surgical intervention may be necessary. Procedures such as valve repair (valvuloplasty) or valve replacement (using either mechanical or biological prosthetic valves) can significantly improve quality of life and long-term outcomes. Patients are strongly encouraged to seek care at specialized heart centers where experienced cardiologists and cardiac surgeons can provide comprehensive and tailored treatment plans.