Rheumatic Heart Disease Common Complications Explained

Rheumatic heart disease can lead to several serious complications, often requiring prompt medical attention. Understanding these potential issues can help patients and caregivers take preventive measures and seek timely treatment.

Heart Failure and Cardiac Dysfunction

One of the most frequent complications of rheumatic heart disease is heart failure. The damage caused by rheumatic fever to the heart valves can weaken the heart's ability to pump blood efficiently, leading to symptoms such as fatigue, shortness of breath, and fluid retention.

Pleural Effusion Due to Atelectasis

Atelectasis, or the partial or complete collapse of the lung, may occur after heart surgery or due to inflammation. This condition can cause fluid to accumulate in the pleural space, known as pleural effusion. In many cases, this fluid can be drained using a catheter or other medical procedures to relieve discomfort and prevent further complications.

Lung Infections and Respiratory Issues

When atelectasis leads to lung infections, patients may experience symptoms like fever, cough, and difficulty breathing. Encouraging deep breathing, coughing, and regular chest physiotherapy such as back clapping can help clear secretions and improve lung function.

Paravalvular Leak and Hemolysis

A paravalvular leak is a complication that can occur after heart valve surgery. It involves blood leaking around the prosthetic valve, which may cause hemolysis — the breakdown of red blood cells. This issue often requires a second surgical intervention to properly repair or replace the valve and stop the leak.

Thromboembolism and Stroke Risk

Another major concern for patients with rheumatic heart disease is the risk of blood clots. These clots can travel through the bloodstream and block vessels, particularly in the brain, leading to stroke or other life-threatening events. Anticoagulant therapy is often prescribed to reduce this risk and maintain healthy blood flow.