Rheumatic Heart Disease Most Commonly Affects These Heart Valves

Rheumatic heart disease primarily affects the heart valves due to inflammation caused by rheumatic fever. Among all heart valves, the mitral valve is the most commonly affected. Approximately 40% of patients diagnosed with rheumatic heart disease experience mitral valve involvement. This condition is especially prevalent among young adults between the ages of 20 and 40, with women being twice as likely to be affected as men.

Why the Mitral Valve Is Frequently Affected

The reason the mitral valve is most susceptible lies in the underlying disease mechanism. Rheumatic fever is an immune response triggered by infection with group A Streptococcus bacteria. This immune reaction mistakenly attacks tissues in the body that resemble the bacterial components, particularly those with similar molecular structures to the heart valves. The mitral valve has the greatest structural similarity to these bacterial antigens, making it especially vulnerable to damage.

Other Heart Valves Affected by Rheumatic Heart Disease

While the mitral valve is the most commonly affected, other valves can also be involved. The aortic valve is the second most frequently affected, though it occurs at a significantly lower rate than mitral valve involvement. Tricuspid valve involvement is relatively rare, and pulmonary valve damage is even less common. The progression and severity of valve damage depend on the duration and intensity of the inflammatory process.

Understanding the Risk Factors and Demographics

Young adults are the most at-risk group for developing rheumatic heart disease, particularly women in this age range. The gender disparity suggests that hormonal or genetic factors may play a role in disease susceptibility. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial in preventing long-term complications such as heart failure, arrhythmias, and stroke.

Importance of Early Detection and Treatment

Timely medical intervention can significantly reduce the risk of severe valve damage and improve long-term outcomes. Patients should undergo regular cardiac evaluations, especially if they have a history of rheumatic fever. Treatment may include antibiotics to prevent recurrent infections, medications to manage symptoms, and in some cases, surgical valve repair or replacement.