Rheumatic Heart Disease Complications You Should Be Aware Of

Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is a condition that affects the heart valves as a result of untreated or improperly treated rheumatic fever. One of the most critical aspects of managing this condition is understanding the potential complications that may arise. These complications can significantly impact a patient's quality of life and, in some cases, can be life-threatening.

Heart Failure: The Most Common Complication

Heart failure is the most prevalent complication among individuals with rheumatic heart disease. Statistics show that more than half of all RHD patients will experience heart failure at some point. This condition occurs when the heart is unable to pump blood effectively to meet the body's needs. Heart failure is not only the most frequent complication but also the leading cause of mortality in rheumatic heart disease patients.

Increased Risk of Infections

Rheumatic heart disease weakens the immune response and creates conditions that make patients more susceptible to infections. Common issues include respiratory infections, colds, coughing, and fever. The condition often leads to pulmonary congestion due to heart failure, which provides an ideal environment for bacterial growth and increases the likelihood of lung infections.

Once a lung infection develops, it can further strain the heart and worsen heart failure, creating a dangerous cycle. In severe cases, patients may develop acute pulmonary edema—a condition where fluid builds up in the lungs—leading to extreme shortness of breath and requiring immediate medical attention.

Heart Rhythm Disorders: Atrial Fibrillation and Beyond

Heart rhythm abnormalities, or arrhythmias, are also frequently seen in patients with rheumatic heart disease. The most common type is atrial fibrillation, where the heart's upper chambers beat irregularly. This irregularity can lead to the formation of blood clots within the heart. If a clot dislodges, it can travel to other parts of the body and cause a blockage, known as an embolism.

Embolism: A Serious and Potentially Fatal Risk

Patients who have undergone heart valve replacement surgery are at a higher risk of developing blood clots. As a result, they are often prescribed lifelong anticoagulant therapy to prevent clot formation. Embolism can occur in two primary ways: through atrial fibrillation-related clots or due to clot formation on the artificial valve itself. These events can lead to strokes or other severe complications if not properly managed.