Rheumatic Heart Disease Complications You Should Be Aware Of

Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is a long-term complication of untreated rheumatic fever, and it can lead to various serious health issues. Understanding the potential complications of RHD is essential for effective management and improved patient outcomes. Below are the most common complications associated with this condition.

Heart Failure

Heart failure is one of the most prevalent complications among individuals with rheumatic heart disease. Statistics show that more than half of all RHD-related complications involve heart failure. This condition occurs when the heart is unable to pump blood efficiently to meet the body's needs. As the disease progresses, the heart muscles weaken, leading to fluid buildup in the lungs and other parts of the body. Heart failure remains the leading cause of mortality in patients with rheumatic heart disease.

Increased Risk of Infections

Patients with rheumatic heart disease are more susceptible to infections such as pneumonia, the common cold, coughing, and fever. The condition often causes pulmonary congestion, especially when heart failure develops. This congestion creates an ideal environment for bacterial growth, increasing the risk of lung infections. Moreover, once an infection occurs, it can further worsen heart failure, creating a dangerous cycle. In severe cases, patients may develop acute pulmonary edema, a life-threatening condition characterized by fluid accumulation in the lungs.

Arrhythmias

Heart rhythm disorders, or arrhythmias, are also common among rheumatic heart disease patients. The most frequently observed type is atrial fibrillation, which involves irregular and often rapid heartbeats. Atrial fibrillation can lead to the formation of blood clots within the heart. If these clots dislodge, they can travel to other parts of the body, potentially causing strokes or other types of embolism. Managing arrhythmias is crucial to reducing the risk of further complications.

Thromboembolism and Valve-Related Issues

Patients who undergo valve replacement surgery due to severe rheumatic heart disease are at an increased risk of developing blood clots. As a result, lifelong anticoagulant therapy is typically required to prevent clot formation. Thromboembolic events can occur in different forms, including atrial fibrillation-related embolism and valve-related thrombosis. These events can lead to serious consequences such as stroke, organ damage, or limb ischemia if not properly managed.