Types of Primary Cardiomyopathy

Primary cardiomyopathy is a group of heart muscle disorders that are categorized based on their distinct pathophysiological features, causes, and clinical manifestations. There are four major types of primary cardiomyopathy, each with unique characteristics and implications for heart function.

Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is characterized by the enlargement of the left ventricle or both ventricles, accompanied by a reduction in systolic function. This weakening of the heart's pumping ability can lead to heart failure, arrhythmias, and an increased risk of blood clots. DCM is one of the most common forms of cardiomyopathy and can be caused by genetic factors, infections, or other systemic conditions.

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) involves abnormal thickening of the heart muscle, particularly in the left ventricle, and often presents with asymmetric septal hypertrophy. This condition can obstruct blood flow from the heart and may cause symptoms such as shortness of breath, chest pain, and dizziness. HCM is typically inherited and is a leading cause of sudden cardiac death in young athletes.

Restrictive Cardiomyopathy

Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) is marked by impaired ventricular filling due to stiff heart walls, despite normal or near-normal systolic function. The ventricles may not thicken, but they become less compliant, reducing their ability to expand and fill with blood. This type of cardiomyopathy can be caused by infiltrative diseases such as amyloidosis or hemochromatosis and often leads to fluid retention and heart failure symptoms.

Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is a rare condition characterized by progressive replacement of the right ventricular myocardium with fibrofatty tissue. This structural change can lead to dangerous arrhythmias, especially in young individuals and athletes. ARVC is often genetic and may result in sudden cardiac arrest if not diagnosed and managed properly.