What Is Cardiomyopathy?

Cardiomyopathy refers to a group of heart conditions caused by genetic mutations or abnormal gene expression that lead to structural and functional changes in the heart muscle. These disorders typically fall into several main categories, each with distinct characteristics and clinical implications.

Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is characterized by an enlarged heart chamber, particularly the left ventricle, with a thinning or unchanged thickness of the ventricular wall. As a result, the heart's ability to contract and pump blood efficiently is significantly reduced. Patients often experience symptoms of heart failure, such as shortness of breath, fatigue, palpitations, and swelling in the legs and other parts of the body. This type of cardiomyopathy is one of the most commonly diagnosed forms and can lead to serious complications if not managed properly.

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) involves abnormal thickening of the heart muscle, especially the left ventricular wall. This thickening can obstruct blood flow out of the heart, a condition known as obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. In some cases, patients may experience sudden cardiac events such as arrhythmias or acute outflow tract obstruction, particularly during intense physical activity or emotional stress. HCM is a well-known cause of sudden cardiac death among athletes and requires careful monitoring and management.

Restrictive Cardiomyopathy

Understanding the Impact on Heart Function

Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) is a condition where the heart muscle becomes rigid and less elastic, limiting the heart's ability to fill with blood between beats. This restriction can lead to reduced cardiac output and symptoms such as fatigue, fluid retention, and difficulty breathing, especially during physical exertion. RCM is less common than other types but can have serious long-term effects on heart health.

Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) primarily affects the right ventricle, where normal heart muscle is replaced by fatty or fibrous tissue. Although the heart's overall function may appear normal or near-normal in the early stages, patients are at high risk of developing dangerous heart rhythm disorders. These arrhythmias can lead to fainting, palpitations, and in severe cases, sudden cardiac death. Treatment often includes the implantation of a cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) to manage life-threatening arrhythmias and prevent fatal outcomes.