Complications Of Left To Right Shunt Congenital Heart Disease

Left to right shunt congenital heart disease involves abnormal blood flow from the left side of the heart to the right, leading to a range of potential complications. These arise due to the increased workload on the heart and lungs, as well as the altered circulation patterns.

Increased Risk Of Respiratory Infections

One of the most common complications is the increased likelihood of recurrent respiratory infections. This is primarily due to elevated pulmonary blood flow and a potentially weakened immune system, making the lungs more susceptible to infections such as pneumonia and bronchitis.

Pulmonary Hypertension

Another significant complication is pulmonary hypertension. The increased volume of blood flowing into the lungs raises the pressure within the pulmonary arteries. Over time, this can lead to structural changes in the lung vasculature and, in severe cases, irreversible damage known as Eisenmenger syndrome.

Symptoms Of Reduced Systemic Blood Flow

Because blood is being redirected from the systemic circulation, patients may experience symptoms such as fatigue, excessive sweating, shortness of breath, and poor weight gain. Children, in particular, may show signs of delayed growth and development due to insufficient oxygen and nutrient delivery to vital organs.

Increased Susceptibility To Endocarditis

Damage to the endocardium caused by abnormal blood flow increases the risk of infective endocarditis. Bacterial colonization can occur on heart valves, leading to vegetation formation. These infected clots can break off and travel to the lungs, causing pulmonary embolism, or even reach other organs, leading to serious systemic complications.

Development Of Heart Failure

Long-term volume and pressure overload on the heart can eventually lead to heart failure. The heart muscles may weaken over time, impairing the organ's ability to pump blood effectively. Symptoms may include swelling in the legs and abdomen, persistent fatigue, and difficulty breathing during physical activity.