Atrial Septal Defect: Understanding the Central Type and Its Variants

Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) is a common congenital heart condition characterized by an abnormal opening in the wall that separates the two upper chambers of the heart. This condition is generally categorized into two primary types: ostium primum defect and ostium secundum defect. Among these, the central type of atrial septal defect falls under the secundum category and accounts for more than 75% of all ASD cases. Other types include the superior vena cava type, inferior vena cava type, and the mixed type, making a total of four distinct classifications.

Common Symptoms and Diagnosis

Children born with an atrial septal defect may not exhibit noticeable symptoms during infancy. However, as they grow and enter puberty, symptoms such as palpitations, shortness of breath, and fatigue may begin to appear. These signs are often linked to the increased workload on the heart caused by abnormal blood flow between the atria.

To accurately diagnose the type and severity of ASD, medical professionals typically rely on advanced imaging techniques like echocardiography and cardiac CT scans. These tools help determine the size, location, and nature of the defect, which is crucial for planning the appropriate treatment strategy.

Treatment Options and Post-Surgery Care

Surgical Intervention

Once diagnosed, patients are usually referred to a cardiovascular surgery department at a tertiary hospital for further evaluation. In most cases, surgical repair is recommended to close the defect. This procedure can significantly improve heart function by restoring normal blood flow and reducing the risk of long-term complications such as heart failure or pulmonary hypertension.

Recovery and Lifestyle Adjustments

Following surgery, patients often experience a marked improvement in their symptoms as the heart's hemodynamics stabilize. However, it is important to follow post-operative care guidelines, including avoiding strenuous physical activity and maintaining a well-balanced diet rich in both plant-based and protein-rich foods. Proper nutrition helps support heart health and overall recovery, while also minimizing the risk of complications like blood deficiency, which can potentially worsen heart failure.