Atrial Septal Defect Symptoms and Their Impact on Health

An atrial septal defect (ASD) can lead to various symptoms, with shortness of breath and difficulty breathing being among the most common. In more advanced cases, particularly when the right side of the heart is affected, patients may also experience swelling in the lower extremities due to fluid retention.

Understanding the Nature of Atrial Septal Defect

The heart is divided into four chambers — the left and right atria on top, and the left and right ventricles below. Normally, the left and right atria are separated by a wall known as the atrial septum. During fetal development, this septum forms to ensure proper blood flow within the heart after birth. However, in some individuals, the septum does not fully develop, resulting in an opening or defect that allows blood to flow abnormally between the two atria.

Why Some Patients Show No Symptoms

Because the atria play a less forceful role in pumping blood compared to the ventricles, individuals with small atrial septal defects may not experience noticeable symptoms. These minor defects can sometimes go undetected for years and may not require immediate medical intervention.

Consequences of Larger Atrial Septal Defects

In contrast, larger ASDs can cause significant hemodynamic changes. Blood from the left atrium flows abnormally into the right atrium, increasing the volume of blood passing through the lungs. This extra workload can strain the pulmonary circulation and lead to symptoms such as fatigue, shortness of breath during physical activity, and even heart palpitations.

Long-Term Effects on Heart Function

Over time, this abnormal blood flow can place additional pressure on the right side of the heart, especially the right atrium and right ventricle. This increased burden may lead to right heart failure if left untreated. Therefore, early diagnosis and appropriate management are crucial for preventing long-term complications associated with atrial septal defects.