Atrial Septal Defect in Children: Symptoms and Overview
An atrial septal defect (ASD) is one of the most common types of congenital heart disease in children. The symptoms and severity largely depend on the size of the defect in the wall separating the two upper chambers of the heart.
Small Atrial Septal Defects
When the defect is small, typically less than 5 to 6 millimeters in diameter, children may show no noticeable symptoms at all. In many cases, these smaller defects are often discovered incidentally during routine medical checkups or heart screenings. Children with small ASDs can grow and develop normally without experiencing significant health issues related to the condition.
Large Atrial Septal Defects
On the other hand, larger defects—those greater than 1 centimeter or even several centimeters in size—can lead to more serious complications. In extreme cases, the entire atrial septum may be missing, a condition known as single atrium or common atrium. This type of defect usually results in earlier onset and more severe symptoms.
Common Symptoms of Large ASD
- Frequent respiratory infections, including colds, flu, and recurring bouts of pneumonia
- Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath, especially during physical activity
- Chronic fatigue, even with minimal exertion
- Swelling in the legs, abdomen, or around the eyes due to fluid retention
If left untreated, large ASDs can place extra strain on the heart and lungs. Over time, this can lead to heart failure, characterized by persistent fatigue, labored breathing, and generalized swelling. Infections such as pneumonia may become more frequent and harder to treat, further compromising the child's overall health.
Conclusion
Early diagnosis and appropriate medical management are crucial for children with atrial septal defects. While small defects may close on their own or require no intervention, larger defects often need surgical or catheter-based repair to prevent long-term complications. Parents should consult a pediatric cardiologist if they notice any signs of heart-related issues in their child.