Common Symptoms of Heart Failure in Elderly Patients

Left-Sided Heart Failure

Left-sided heart failure often leads to fluid buildup in the lungs, a condition known as pulmonary edema. This can result in bilateral pleural effusion, or fluid accumulation around the lungs. Patients may experience shortness of breath and chest tightness, especially during physical activity. In more severe cases, individuals may wake up suddenly at night gasping for air—a condition referred to as paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea. Sitting upright can help ease the discomfort. Some patients may also cough up frothy, pink-tinged sputum, which occurs when small blood vessels in the lungs rupture due to increased pressure, mixing small amounts of blood with the fluid.

Right-Sided Heart Failure

Right-sided heart failure primarily causes systemic swelling, commonly seen in the lower extremities such as the ankles and feet. In advanced cases, the swelling can extend up to the knees and thighs. This type of heart failure often leads to symptoms like abdominal bloating, reduced appetite, fatigue, and palpitations. These signs are linked to fluid retention and reduced blood flow to vital organs.

Global or Congestive Heart Failure

When heart failure affects both sides of the heart, it is referred to as global or congestive heart failure. In such cases, patients may exhibit symptoms of both left- and right-sided failure. The heart chambers may become enlarged, and individuals may experience a combination of breathing difficulties, fluid retention, fatigue, and digestive issues.