Atrial Fibrillation Explained: Understanding the Condition and Its Impact

Atrial fibrillation, often referred to as AFib, is a common type of arrhythmia that affects the heart's rhythm. In a normally functioning heart, the heartbeat follows a regular sinus rhythm. However, in atrial fibrillation, the rhythm becomes irregular and chaotic. This condition is characterized by rapid and disorganized electrical signals in the atria — the upper chambers of the heart — leading to an uneven and often accelerated heartbeat.

What Happens During Atrial Fibrillation?

During an episode of atrial fibrillation, the heart's upper chambers can beat at an extremely fast rate — between 300 and 600 beats per minute. While the lower chambers, or ventricles, do not beat at this same speed, they often respond by beating faster than normal, typically between 100 and 150 beats per minute. This results in a heartbeat that is both fast and irregular, differing significantly from the steady rhythm seen in a healthy heart.

One of the key consequences of atrial fibrillation is the loss of coordinated atrial contraction. This can impair the heart's ability to pump blood efficiently, potentially leading to symptoms such as palpitations, shortness of breath, chest discomfort, and fatigue. Some individuals may experience these symptoms intermittently, while others may have persistent or long-standing AFib.

Common Causes and Risk Factors

Underlying Heart Conditions

Atrial fibrillation is often associated with underlying heart diseases. Common contributors include hypertension (high blood pressure), coronary artery disease, rheumatic heart disease, valvular heart disease, heart failure, and cardiomyopathy. These conditions can lead to structural changes in the heart that promote the development of arrhythmias.

Other Contributing Factors

In some cases, atrial fibrillation occurs in individuals without detectable heart damage. In such instances, other non-cardiac factors may play a role. These can include chronic stress, excessive alcohol consumption, hypoxia (low oxygen levels), electrolyte imbalances, endocrine disorders, and severe infections. Additionally, lifestyle-related stressors and sleep deprivation have been increasingly recognized as potential triggers.

What to Do If You Suspect Atrial Fibrillation

If you experience symptoms such as irregular heartbeat, dizziness, or unexplained fatigue, it's important to seek medical attention promptly. While atrial fibrillation is a common condition, early diagnosis and treatment are crucial in managing symptoms and reducing the risk of complications such as stroke or heart failure. It's natural to feel concerned, but staying calm and consulting a healthcare professional can help ensure proper care and effective management.