Atrial Fibrillation Explained: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

Atrial fibrillation, often referred to as AFib, is a common type of irregular heartbeat that can lead to serious complications if left untreated. It is often associated with underlying health conditions such as hypertension, coronary artery disease, and hyperthyroidism. In AFib, the heart's upper chambers (atria) beat irregularly and out of coordination with the lower chambers (ventricles), which can result in inefficient blood flow from the atria to the ventricles.

Understanding the Impact of Atrial Fibrillation

This irregular and often rapid heart rate can cause symptoms such as chest discomfort, shortness of breath, and palpitations. Because the heart is unable to pump blood effectively, vital organs may not receive adequate blood supply, which can lead to fatigue and reduced physical stamina. A key diagnostic feature of AFib is an irregularly irregular heart rhythm, which appears on an electrocardiogram (ECG) as the absence of normal P waves and the presence of chaotic f waves. The heart rate in AFib typically exceeds 100 to 160 beats per minute.

Types of Atrial Fibrillation

Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation

Paroxysmal AFib refers to episodes that occur intermittently and typically resolve on their own within 7 days. In these cases, the heart often reverts back to a normal sinus rhythm without the need for medical intervention.

Persistent and Permanent Atrial Fibrillation

If AFib lasts for more than 7 days, it is classified as persistent and usually requires treatment with medications or electrical cardioversion to restore normal rhythm. In cases of permanent AFib, even with treatment, the heart remains in AFib, and the focus of care shifts toward managing symptoms and reducing the risk of complications.

Treatment Strategies for Atrial Fibrillation

Anticoagulation therapy is often a key part of managing AFib, as it helps reduce the risk of blood clots forming in the heart, which can lead to stroke. Additionally, rate control strategies are employed to keep the heart rate within a safer range, usually through the use of beta-blockers or calcium channel blockers. In some cases, rhythm control methods, including antiarrhythmic drugs or procedures like catheter ablation, may be considered to restore and maintain a normal heart rhythm.