Common Types of Arrhythmias That Cause Cardiac Arrest

Cardiac arrest can occur due to various types of arrhythmias, which disrupt the heart's normal electrical activity and impair its ability to pump blood effectively. Understanding these arrhythmias is crucial for timely intervention and improving survival rates.

Ventricular Fibrillation (VFib)

One of the most common causes of cardiac arrest is ventricular fibrillation. In this condition, the heart's lower chambers (ventricles) quiver chaotically instead of contracting in a coordinated manner. This results in little to no blood being pumped from the heart. Without immediate treatment such as defibrillation and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), irreversible damage to the heart muscle can occur within 5 to 6 minutes due to lack of oxygen supply.

Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia (Torsades de Pointes)

Torsades de Pointes is a specific type of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia that can rapidly deteriorate into cardiac arrest. Patients often experience sudden loss of consciousness and may not respond to stimuli. Emergency treatment includes defibrillation, cardioversion, and immediate CPR to maintain circulation until normal heart rhythm can be restored.

Rapid Atrial Fibrillation

Although atrial fibrillation typically affects the upper chambers of the heart, a rapid ventricular response can significantly reduce the heart's pumping efficiency. In severe cases, this can lead to a critical drop in cardiac output, potentially triggering cardiac arrest. Prompt medical management is essential to control heart rate and restore normal rhythm.

Other Contributing Arrhythmias

Bradyarrhythmias and Sick Sinus Syndrome

In addition to fast arrhythmias, very slow heart rhythms can also lead to cardiac arrest. Conditions such as sick sinus syndrome or severe bradycardia can result in inadequate blood flow to vital organs. These rhythms may require pacing interventions or implantable devices to maintain stable heart function and prevent life-threatening episodes.