Emergency Treatment for Myocardial Infarction

Myocardial infarction, commonly known as a heart attack, can be classified into two main types: ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). Immediate and appropriate emergency care is crucial in managing these conditions and improving patient outcomes.

Immediate Medical Interventions

Antiplatelet and Anticoagulant Therapy: One of the first steps in emergency treatment involves the administration of dual antiplatelet therapy. This typically includes medications such as aspirin and ticagrelor, which work together to prevent further blood clot formation. In addition, statin therapy is initiated to lower cholesterol levels and stabilize plaque in the coronary arteries.

Reperfusion Therapy for STEMI Patients

Restoring Blood Flow: For patients diagnosed with STEMI, rapid reperfusion therapy is essential to reopen the blocked artery and preserve heart muscle function. The preferred method is percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), which includes procedures such as balloon angioplasty and stent placement. Emergency coronary angiography is performed to identify the blockage and restore blood flow as quickly as possible.

Alternative Reperfusion Options: If immediate PCI is not available due to facility limitations or transport delays, thrombolytic therapy should be considered. Administering clot-dissolving medications on-site can help reopen the occluded vessel and reduce the risk of long-term damage.

Supportive Care and Symptom Management

Pain Relief and Coronary Blood Flow Improvement: Managing chest pain and improving blood flow to the heart are key components of supportive care. Nitroglycerin, a nitrate medication, is commonly used to dilate the coronary arteries and reduce the heart's workload. For severe pain, low-dose morphine may be administered to provide analgesia and sedation while also enhancing coronary blood flow.

Oxygen Therapy: Supplemental oxygen is often given to improve oxygen saturation and reduce the strain on the heart, especially in patients experiencing significant shortness of breath or hypoxia.

Timely and effective treatment can significantly improve survival rates and quality of life for heart attack patients. Always seek immediate medical attention if heart attack symptoms are suspected.