Acute Myocardial Infarction: Symptoms and Diagnostic Tests

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI), commonly known as a heart attack, is a serious medical condition that requires immediate attention. Recognizing the symptoms and undergoing proper diagnostic tests can significantly improve outcomes and reduce complications.

Common Symptoms of Acute Myocardial Infarction

One of the most notable signs of a heart attack is persistent chest discomfort or pain in the center or left side of the chest. This sensation may feel like pressure, tightness, or squeezing and typically lasts for more than 20 minutes. Some patients may also experience a feeling of throat tightness or difficulty swallowing, which can be mistaken for other conditions. Other associated symptoms may include shortness of breath, nausea, cold sweats, and dizziness.

Diagnostic Tests for Acute Myocardial Infarction

When acute myocardial infarction is suspected, several diagnostic tools are used to confirm the condition and assess the extent of heart damage.

1. Electrocardiogram (ECG)

An ECG is one of the first tests performed in the emergency room when a heart attack is suspected. It records the electrical activity of the heart and can detect specific changes, such as ST-segment elevation, which indicate acute injury to the heart muscle. These findings help doctors determine the type of heart attack and guide immediate treatment decisions.

2. Cardiac Biomarker Testing

Blood tests that measure cardiac biomarkers, such as troponin or creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), are essential in diagnosing myocardial infarction. Troponin is a protein released into the bloodstream when heart muscle cells are damaged. Elevated levels of this biomarker confirm heart muscle injury and support the diagnosis of AMI. Serial testing over several hours helps track the progression of the condition.

3. Echocardiography

An echocardiogram uses sound waves to create images of the heart and assess its function. In the context of a heart attack, this test can identify areas of the heart that are not contracting normally due to damaged muscle tissue. For example, reduced movement in the anterior or inferior walls of the heart may indicate the location of the infarction. Echocardiography also helps evaluate overall heart function and detect complications such as heart failure or valve problems.

Early detection and accurate diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction are crucial for effective treatment. If you or someone you know experiences symptoms of a heart attack, seek emergency medical care immediately.