Detecting Coronary Heart Disease: Key Signs and Diagnostic Methods

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a serious condition that affects millions of people worldwide. Recognizing the signs and understanding the diagnostic process is essential for timely treatment. There are several ways to determine if someone may be suffering from CHD, including evaluating medical history, identifying symptoms, and undergoing medical tests.

Medical History Evaluation

One of the first steps in determining the likelihood of coronary heart disease is reviewing a patient's medical history. Individuals with conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, or high cholesterol are at a higher risk. Lifestyle factors also play a significant role—smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, obesity, and a sedentary lifestyle can all contribute to the development of CHD. A family history of heart disease may also increase one's risk.

Recognizing Common Symptoms

Symptoms are often the most noticeable indicators of coronary heart disease. Patients may experience angina, which is characterized by episodes of chest pain or discomfort. This pain is typically described as a squeezing or pressing sensation behind the breastbone and can radiate to the left arm, jaw, throat, or upper abdomen. Some individuals may only feel shortness of breath or a general sense of tightness in the chest without distinct pain.

Acute Myocardial Infarction Symptoms

In more severe cases, such as during a heart attack, symptoms tend to appear suddenly and persist for more than 30 minutes. Patients often report a feeling of impending doom along with intense chest discomfort. The pain may extend from the breastbone to the left shoulder, back, or even up to the neck and jaw. Some people may experience pain in the left arm or upper back without significant chest involvement, making it crucial to consider all possible symptoms.

Diagnostic Tests and Procedures

To confirm a diagnosis, various medical tests are used. During an episode of chest pain, an electrocardiogram (ECG) may show characteristic changes such as ST-segment depression, which indicates myocardial ischemia. For a more detailed assessment, a Holter monitor may be used to record heart activity over a 24- to 48-hour period.

Advanced Imaging and Coronary Angiography

Coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) is often used as a non-invasive method for initial screening. However, the gold standard for diagnosing CHD remains invasive coronary angiography. This procedure allows doctors to directly visualize the coronary arteries and identify any blockages or narrowing, enabling accurate diagnosis and treatment planning.